Tuesday, October 8, 2013

On Teaching about Holocaust and Genocide




“You’re either part of the solution or part of the problem”

During this autumn, when children and grown-ups in Syria have been brutally murdered by gasings, we are reminded of how necessary it is for every generation to develop a moral standing against genocide and be ready to act in solidarity, with civil courage (In Danish: Folkedrab). 

Jonathan Glower writes in "Humanity. A moral history of the twentieth century", "... The evidence suggests that those who rescued victims of the Nazis had not been given a rigidly disciplined upbringing. When they were children, parents had shown them respect, giving them reasons rather than orders. Respect may create a climate where moral identity can grow. Evidence from Nazi-occupied countries suggests that cultures may have climates which vary in their support for the growth of moral identity.
Although most people can do little about their own upbringing or about the culture they live in, the robustness of the sense of moral identity is not entirely outside a person's own control. There is scope for partial self-creation." 

In this newsletter, a few examples highlight how to support self-creation of moral identity through teaching and learning experiences:

Genocide
- "The topic of genocide should not be discussed prior to grade six, because although younger students have the ability to empathize with the victims of genocide, they have difficulty understanding genocide in its historical context." Quote from Dr. Lynch at  "How should the topic of Genocide be taught in schools?" (web magazine)
- “United to End Genocide” on "What is Genocide? (webpage)
- “US Holocaust Memorial Museum” on 
-“Teaching Tolerance” on 

                                                                                                
The Armenian Genocide

Holocaust
- “The Danish Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies": "Holocaust  Education" (website)
- “The United States Holocaust Museum”: 

Sites in Danish on Genocide, Holocaust, and the actions to deny Holocaust

Many other reminders of the violence inflicted by humans on other human beings
"… between 1946 and 2001, the world witnessed approximately fifty major ethnic conflicts, fromRwanda through the former Yugoslavia to Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Although many of these conflicts have been resolved, the emergence of new conflicts and continuing efforts to understand the horrific crimes of the past remain as constant reminders of the violence inflicted by humans on other human beings.” P. 260-261 in Roads & Szelenyi (2011): Global Citizenship and the University. Advancing Social Life and Relations in an Interdependent World.  
- “United to End Genocide” on "Past Genocides & Mass Atrocities" (website)

The Freedom Writers
….is now an organisation that supports students and teachers in creating learning through self-development and struggle for a better life, even in the most despairing environments.
The beginning was the experience of a novice teacher, Erin Gruwell, in a school in South Los Angeles. Here every student knew someone who had been murdered in the streets. At some point she uttered in despair that her students had too much self pity. They thought no one, even during the Holocaust, had been in a situation worse than theirs. When she received the question "What is Holocaust?", she used this window of opportunity to introduce Anne Frank's diary. Her students marveled at the civil courage of Miep Gies, the lady who hid the Frank family for years. When they found out she was still alive, they raised funds and invited her to the US and their classroom and she came. They continued by reading the diary of a young girl (Zlata Filipovic) written during the siege of Sarajevo, when snipers were killing people everyday. They also invited her, and were inspired to write about their own situations of mixed despair and hope. They decided to call themselves "Freedom Writers", Inspired by the “Freedom Riders" that challenged the race discrimination laws in the (US) South during the 1960s. They had ridden busses and sat on "White Only"-seats, even when they were harassed and beaten.
- A detailed account is found in the book by Erin Gruwell (1999): “The Freedom Writers Diary: How a teacher and 150 teens Used Writing to Change Themselves and the World Around Them” (summary in Wikipedia article)
- … followed by a book with students own stories: "The Freedom Writers Diary"
l- Another book by Erin Gruwell (2007): ”Teach With Your Heart” (Presentation, reviews & sample pages)
- The story was also made into a movie: The movie "Freedom Writers" (Wikipedia article)
- The students have created an association "Freedom Writers Foundation" that keeps on spreading the ideas and supports students in need and have expanded to 250 communities.

A cautionary note: It is relevant to combine teaching about genocide with evaluating resources on the Internet (source criticism (in Danish: Kildekritik) An example:

A second cautionary note: As judgment differs from country to country about what is appropriate to watch at a given age, then every teacher must rely on his/her professional judgment when selecting video resources for use.

Concluding remarks: An examination of genocide allows students to consider what it means to be a compassionate human being and a responsible world citizen. In the words of the philosopher George Santayana: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it". And, in the words of Elridge Cleaver “You’re either part of the solution or part of the problem”.


This text is "Teach GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP" newsletter no. 7

                                                                                    Copenhagen & Frostburg, Maryland October 2013

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To read any of the  previous newsletters simply visit the blog http://teachglobalcitizenship.blogspot.dk/

Yours
Egon Hedegaard,
Independent instructor and Developer of Education
Email: eghedegaard@gmail.com
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